Comanescu: EU should assume top role in solving Transdniestr conflict

Following Romania's urgent requests the European Union has sent on Monday (Oct 13) on the occasion of the General Affairs and External Relations Council (GAERC) meeting, a very strong message on its availability to get engaged in bringing the Republic of Moldova closer to the EU and in finding a solution to the conflict in Transdniestr, stated the chief of Romanian diplomacy, Lazar Comanescu.

"The substantial conclusions adopted today by the EU foreign ministers convey several strong messages. First of all, that the EU is ready to start negotiations upon a new and more ambitious agreement with the Republic of Moldova.

Secondly, the document underlined that this agreement's objective is to bringing the Republic of Moldova closer to the European Union - which, we hope, will lead in time to an association formula. And, thirdly, it emphasized the EU engagement in solving the conflict in Transdniestr", announced Minister Comanescu in front of the Romanian press.

Romania has insisted, mainly in the past months, after the war broke out in Georgia, that it is essential for the European Union to get more actively involved in finding solutions to the frozen conflicts, especially to the one in Transdniestr, on the territory of a country in its immediate neighborhood.

"The crisis in Georgia shows that the premise that time might solve all frozen conflicts is a completely wrong one and such a conflict can evolve anytime from a "frozen" to a hot one.

Therefore, the EU must pay an enhanced attention and find new mechanisms and means for solving such conflicts in the aim to ensure stability and security in the zone, Europe's security and the world's security, in general.

EU should assume a top role all the more so given that this is a frozen conflict on the territory of a state in its immediate vicinity", underlined the Romanian diplomacy chief.

As well, the document referring to the Republic of Moldova, adopted on Monday by GAERC, reaffirms the EU confidence that the "5+2" negotiations format (Russia, Ukraine and OSCE as mediators, EU and USA as observers) represents the "sole guarantee for the needed transparency and legitimacy in finding a durable solution" and reaffirms the "EU attachment to the Republic of Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity".

The EU foreign ministers did not overlook to remind to the authorities in Chisinau that the "nature of relations between the Republic of Moldova and the EU will be influenced by the "reform pace and quality" in this country.

In this context, the Moldovan authorities are encouraged to make every necessary effort "to consolidate the rule of law and to implement its pledge to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms".

The EU underlined, at the same time, the "special importance it attaches to the running of parliamentary elections in the Spring 2009 in a democratic manner".

The conclusions adopted today by the EU foreign ministers will be submitted to the heads of state and government, at their summit on October 15-16, which - most likely - will adopt them in the form presented by the foreign ministers.

Romania Looking to Modernize its Forces

Romania certainly isn’t one of NATO’s bid senders in absolute terms, but it is one of only 4 NATO countries to approach or exceed the accepted defense spending commitment of 2% of GDP. At Black Sea Defense & Aerospace 2008, Romania’s Curierul National interviewed Defence Minister Teodor Melescanu regarding Romania’s future plans. Among other things, the recent official request for a used and new American F-16s does not appear to be the end of the competition to replace its upgraded MiG-21 Lancers. From the interview:

“The six strategic programs refer to the purchase of the new multi-role planes and of the multirole systems and ground-to-air long-range missiles for the Air Force, the purchase of 4 multifunctional corvettes and 4 mine-hunter boats for the Naval Forces, respectively to the acquisition of some armoured personnel carriers (8×8 and 4×4) and some armoured and non-armoured off-road vehicles for the Land Forces. These purchases are absolutely necessary for the Romanian Army, whose technique is obsolete in a proportion of 90%.... the total is 13 billion euros, indeed, but I want to emphasize that we do not have this money… ready to spend it when necessary. However, the executive has given us the possibility, by Emergency Ordinance no. 111/2006, which allows ministries to contract loans on the international banking market, we can employ such loans up to the limit of 2.38% of GDP…. in a predictable financing line for the period 2009-2013. We also consider achieving these acquisitions with the participation of internationally prestigious companies, which we would attract in the modernisation and privatisation process of the defence industry.”

Indeed, the MiG 21s will deplete their flight resource by 2010-2011 and therefore we must absolutely start the programme of purchasing a multi-role plane…. The issue is the purchase of 48 planes, the budget effort exceeding 3.5 billion lei… financed by foreign loans, using the mechanisms of Emergency Ordinance no. 111/2006…. As there appeared some information about the purchase of second-hand planes, too, I want to emphasize that, personally, I think we are too poor to buy cheap, used things. I do not think that the solution of second hand devices is the best option and therefore I feel inclined to the purchase of new aircraft. And I insist on the human resource. We have valuable pilots and we cannot waste this value we have…. As I have said, there are five models of multirole planes that meet the technical-operational requirements set up by the specialists of the Romanian Air Force. We are considering the F-16 plane… the JAS-39 Gripen… the Eurofighter Typhoon… the F-18… and the Rafale [the F-35 was eliminated].

....To take a decision based on real and as complete as possible data, the Ministry of Defense has conducted information activities during the recent years, which have included working visits of delegations of specialists, organisation of presentations and sending requests for information to potential producers, suppliers and users of multi-role aircraft. As a result of these activities the 5 types of airplanes I mentioned above were identified. But no decision has been taken yet.”

President Basescu: Wages in our education system is not the actual problem, instead the lack of an income law for all the jobs in the public sector is

"I would like to prove to you, with all my responsibility as a president, that the Romanian banking system is sound, thanks to the policies provided by the Central Bank. However, as solid as the local banking system would be, it currently acts within a complex international financial environment and must be treated with maximum cautiousness. Lack of prudence in our Government and Parliament might bring the crisis in our home", president Traian Basescu said.

In his opinion, the "competition" between the Government and the Parliament (competition in promising increased incomes just before the general election in November) triggered the decline of the national currency. "These structures mistook the state budget with the electoral campaign budget", Basescu added.

President Basescu also stated:

- “The teachers, the retired elders and some 530,000 Romanians that have contracted bank loans of over 20,000 Euros each are likely to be the most exposed to the financial crisis”;
- "The solution I suggest means responsibility. The Cabinet in place (with only 20% parliamentary support) cannot engage fiscal burdens on behalf of the future Government";
- “We have minimal chances to be affected by the crisis in case we act responsibly and cautiously”;
- "As a personal observation: our true problem in this moment, in as for the dispute between the Government and the labor unions, is not the wages in the education system but, instead, it is the lack of a law regulating the wages in the entire public sector";
- "Wages in the state agencies are the image of greed and callousness, The Government tolerates the situation in order to satisfy its political clients".

Analysis: energy pipeline that supplies West threatened by war Georgia conflict

The conflict that has erupted in the Caucasus has set alarm bells ringing because of Georgia's pivotal role in the global energy market, ‘Times Online’ reports today.

Georgia has no significant oil or gas reserves of its own but it is a key transit point for oil from the Caspian and central Asia destined for Europe and the US.

Crucially, it is the only practical route from this increasingly important producer region that avoids both Russia and Iran.

The 1,770km (1,100 miles) Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, which was concluded last year only, pumps up to 1 million barrels of oil per day from Baku in Azerbaijan to Yumurtalik, Turkey, where it is loaded on to super-tankers for delivery to Europe and the US. Around 249km of the route passes through Georgia, with parts running only 55km from South Ossetia.

The security of the BTC pipeline, depicted in the James Bond film The World is Not Enough, has been a primary concern since before its construction.

The first major attack on the pipeline took place only last week - not in Georgia but in Turkey where part of it was destroyed by PKK separatist rebels.

Output from the pipeline, which is 30 per cent owned by BP and carries more than 1 per cent of the world's supply, is likely to be on hold for several weeks while the fire is extinguished and the damage repaired.

But the threat of another attack by separatists in Georgia itself is very real.

Only a few days before the Turkish explosion, Georgian separatists threatened to sabotage the pipeline if hostilities continued.

The latest eruption of violence could easily spur fresh attacks. The BTC pipeline, which is buried throughout most of its length to make sabotage more difficult, was a politically highly charged project.

It was firmly opposed by Russia, which views the Caucasus as its own sphere of influence and wants central Asian oil to be exported via its own territory.

Russia also backs the South Ossetian and Abkhazian separatists in Georgia and relations between Moscow and Tbilisi have curdled into outright hostility in recent months.

The BTC pipeline, which cost $3 billion to build, is a key plank of US foreign policy because it reduces Western reliance on oil from both the Middle East and Russia.

EU Begins Enforcement of New Iran Sanctions

The European Union has approved a new set of sanctions against Iran over its disputed nuclear program.

The EU Friday says it will start to implement financial and shipping restrictions approved by the United Nations in March.

The measures call for EU financial institutions to exercise greater vigilance over any grants or other assistance, including export credits, for Iran. They also mandate more inspections of cargo to and from Iran.

The language also warns EU members about dealings with certain Iranian entities, including Bank Saderet and Iran Air Cargo.

The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council and Germany have offered Iran a package of incentives if it stops enriching uranium. Iran has yet to give a clear response.

Earlier, the United States said six major world powers - the U.S., Britain, France, Russia, China and Germany - have agreed to consider a new round of sanctions against Iran.

The British and French foreign ministries also said Wednesday that Iran may face additional sanctions.

But, Russia's U.N. Ambassador Vitaly Churkin says he is not aware of a consensus with the other five powers on new sanctions. He says there still is a potential for dialogue to resolve the dispute.

Iran insists its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes. Western countries suspect Iran of enriching uranium in an effort to acquire nuclear weapons.

Georgia, Russia 'very close' to war over breakaway republic South Ossetia

Georgia cabinet minster says Georgian troops are in control of capital of South Ossetia, four Russian warplanes shot down; Russian military officials claiming 10 "peacekeepers" killed, 30 wounded in fighting.

Reuters reports Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov says he is "receiving reports of ethnic cleansing in villages of South Ossetia" as violence escalates Friday in the breakaway province.

Georgian forces have reportedly shot down two Russian combat planes and Russia has sent 150 tanks and armored vehicles into the territory as what started as a regional conflict between Georgia and separatists threatens to build into all-out war.

A senior Georgian security official said Russian jets bombed Vaziani military airbase outside the Georgian capital, Tbilisi, Reuters reports.

"No one was wounded but some buildings have been destroyed," Kakha Lamaia told Reuters. The airbase is about 15 miles from Tbilisi.

"They have declared war against us," Lamaia told Reuters.

***

The Russian escalation of the conflict with Georgia might trigger, in the near future, more aggressive policies regarding Iran—one should not rule out even a strike and/or an invasion.

Romania Report & sources

Russian led “South Stream” pipeline project gets new boost

A Russian map for South Stream – as released this spring (above); ENI’s map for South Stream and Nabucco (below)

Sofia, July 25 (BTA) - Parliament ratified Friday [25 July] an agreement between the governments of Bulgaria and Russia on cooperation in the building of a pipeline for the transit of natural gas via Bulgaria called South Stream project. Italian energy group ENI recently released a new map for the project.

The agreement was signed during the 18 January visit here of the then Russian president Vladimir Putin.

Bulgaria's interests are fully defended because the company that will develop and operate the pipeline on its territory will be with 50 per cent participating interest of Bulgaria and 50 per cent participating interest of Russia.

According to the opposition forces in Parliament, the ratification of the agreement runs counter to the European view on how energy monopolies should be overcome. Also, the opposition argues that the economic benefit of the agreement has not been proven.

South Stream is a Russian-Italian project for a gas pipeline to transport Russian natural gas to Italy. The 900 kilometre long offshore section of South Stream is to start from the Beregovaya compressor station at Russia's Black Sea coast, and to run to Bulgaria's Varna. An Italian project map (i.e. ENI’s map) shows that from there the pipeline would follow a Southwest branch through Greece and the Ionian Sea to southern Italy, and a Northwest branch through Romania, Hungary, Slovenia and Austria to northern Italy. The maximum depth of the offshore section will be 2,000 meters.

South Stream is not one pipeline but a system of new pipelines planned to carry 30 billion cubic meters of gas to Europe annually. It will transport not only Russian, but also Central Asian and Kazakh gas. The project worth is estimated at some 10,000 million euro.

South Stream does not call off the project for expansion of the Blue Stream pipeline (a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline that carries natural gas from Russia to Turkey) to Central Europe via a Turkey-Bulgaria-Serbia-Croatia-Hungary pipeline. Nor does it call off the North Stream project connecting Russia and Germany through Finland and the Baltic Sea.

Story Source: BBC Monitoring European (text of report in English by Bulgarian news agency BTA website)

The sluggish progress of the NABUCCO project

The European Union’s Nabucco pipeline project for transporting Caspian gas to Europe continues to experience false starts and outright setbacks. The impasse seems to justify the Hungarian proposal to hold a summit of the Nabucco consortium countries and the relevant gas producer countries, with the participation of the EU and the United States as main political supporters of this project.

Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany has suggested holding a summit for resuscitating Nabucco and offers to host the event in Budapest before the end of this year (MTI, July 7). Gyurcsany launched this initiative during his visit in early July to Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, which are the main prospective suppliers of gas for the Nabucco project. Top executives of Hungary’s privately owned MOL company went to Baku and Ashgabat at the same time as the prime minister. MOL is a shareholder in the Nabucco consortium, along with Austria’s OMV; the state-owned gas companies of Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania; and Germany’s privately owned RWE.

OMV, the initiator of Nabucco and informal leader of the consortium, has recently inflicted three severe blows on the project. It has agreed to share ownership of Nabucco’s designated terminal, Baumgarten near Vienna, with Russia’s Gazprom and to build gas storage sites for Gazprom in the area. It has also agreed with Gazprom to extend the latter’s South Stream pipeline project, Nabucco’s rival, into Austria. And it suggests sharing the Nabucco pipeline’s capacity (if and when it is built) with Gazprom for “Russian” gas--most likely Central Asian gas monopolized by Gazprom. OMV’s moves could bring Gazprom closer to its goal of killing the Nabucco project or controlling it (see EDM, June 10), writes Vladimir Socor for Eurasia Daily Monitor

Azerbaijan is the designated source of gas for the first phase of the Nabucco pipeline. The country’s government supports the project unwaveringly, at the risk of irritating Moscow and despite defections of other countries from Nabucco to Gazprom’s South Stream project. Azerbaijan’s loyalty to Nabucco should not be taken for granted indefinitely by Washington and Brussels, if they fail to prove that Nabucco is viable for both of its phases. Failure to line up Turkmen or Middle Eastern gas volumes for Nabucco’s second phase would continue to discourage Western private-sector investment for Nabucco’s first phase.

With Azerbaijan’s giant Shah-Deniz field ramping up gas production for its second expansion phase, Azerbaijan and its partners in that consortium (led by BP and Norway’s StatoilHydro) require with increasing urgency an outlet for their production. Moscow is now offering that outlet because the West is not. Visiting Azerbaijan in early July, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Gazprom CEO Alexei Miller offered to buy up Azerbaijan’s entire surplus of gas at European netback prices, starting in 2009, and re-sell that gas in Europe (www.az.taj, Trend, July 4-7). Azerbaijani gas could in that case reach Europe through Russia. Ironically, Gazprom could pump Azerbaijani gas either through the promised South Stream pipeline (which lacks sufficient Russian gas) or through a reconfigured Nabucco under Russian control (which is Gazprom’s alternative option, if unable to kick-start South Stream).

On July 18 Azerbaijan’s state oil company chairman, Rovnag Abdullayev, announced that a decision is impending about the direction of Azerbaijan’s gas exports from 2009 onward: “We are receiving and assessing proposals from all sides until the end of this year. We shall see. We will vote at a meeting [of the consortium] to launch the second phase of Shah-Deniz after determining the market” (ANS, July 18).

Turkey creates a number of difficulties both for the transport consortium Nabucco and for the gas producing consortium in Azerbaijan. Perhaps the main irritant is the Turkish government’s insistence that it should buy gas from Azerbaijan and re-sell that gas westward, at a profit to Turkey, instead of simply providing transit service for the Azerbaijani gas. Turkey seems to be imitating Gazprom’s methods on this issue. Such a demand contradicts both Nabucco’s concept and the EU policy on energy transit. This issue seems to remain static since February, when the EU’s project coordinator Jozias van Aartsen failed to overcome the deadlock.

On July 15 the government of Turkmenistan announced the start of construction operations on the Caspian Coastal Pipeline project, designed to increase Turkmen gas exports to Russia by 10 to 20 billion cubic meters per year from 2010 onward (Turkmen government press service, Altyn Asyr TV, July 15, 16). On July 16 and 17, President Gurbanguly Berdimukhamedov on a visit to Romania responded evasively to President Traian Basescu’s rather urgent questions about Turkmen gas for the Nabucco project. The Turkmen side apparently did not to mention this issue in its own statements on the visit (Turkmen government press service, Altyn Asyr TV, July 17, 18).

High-ranking Western visitors to Ashgabat in search of gas supplies for Nabucco, most recently Hungary’s Gyurcsany, invariably hear from Berdimukhamedov that Turkmenistan is ready to sell its gas at the Turkmen border to whichever party has a means of transport available. The answer from the West and Azerbaijan is a Trans-Caspian pipeline from Turkmenistan to Baku and onward to Turkey, where it should link up with Nabucco. A political summit, such as that proposed by Hungary, could help demonstrate Western support, as a prerequisite for putting together a consortium for the Trans-Caspian project and financing the Nabucco pipeline.

Turkey-Russia energy links thaw

Turkey wants to boost cooperation with its top gas supplier Russia, ending a frosty period marked by differences over the Nabucco pipeline to Europe, an official and analysts said – as Reuters reported on July 23, 2008.

Turkey gets most of its gas -- 68 percent of 2008 demand of 38 billion cubic metres (bcm) -- from Russia’s Gazprom under three long-term deals.

NATO-member Turkey and Russia had a decade-long lull in economic relations after Ankara blamed Moscow for selling gas to Ankara at more expensive rates than to other buyers.

They were also at loggerheads after Turkey backed four European countries on the 7.9-billion-euro Nabucco pipeline project planned to carry gas from the Caspian and Iran to Europe from 2013 to lessen Europe’s dependence on Russia.

But a senior Turkish energy ministry source said the two countries were now talking again. “A path has now been opened to doing business on several critical projects,” the source, who asked for anonymity, told Reuters.

Russia had said any pipeline project without its gas was doomed to fail and challenged Nabucco by broaching the South Stream project, which plans a pipeline to Bulgaria and Italy from Russia via the Black Sea. The source said the two countries agreed during Gazprom’s deputy CEO Alexander Medvedev visit to Ankara last week to set up a joint company to run Turkey’s urban gas grids. They also agreed to build an underground gas storage facility in central Turkey and have talks to renew a gas contract expiring in 2011.

“Gazprom’s offer also includes the extension of the Blue Stream pipeline to Israel,” he said, referring to the 1,200 km line that pumps 16 bcm of gas to Ankara through the Black Sea. Sinan Ogan of the Ankara-based think-tank Turksam said Turkey and Russia were now in a new period of cooperation. “The rivalry between South Stream and Nabucco has been to the detriment of both countries. But now Russia may be invited to take part in the Nabucco project during the planned visit by the Russian president to Turkey,” he said. Yurdakul Yiğitgüden, a Turkey-based international energy adviser, said the warmer period in bilateral relations “could end with Russia supplying” 10 to 20 percent of the Nabucco’s gas capacity, which is planned at 30 bcm annually. “Gazprom may apply the same model it has in several European countries. It wants to participate in the downstream business in Turkey,” he said. The energy ministry source said apart from extending Blue Stream gas to Israel, Gazprom will also consider its oil arm Gazprom Neft supplying oil to the Samsun-Ceyhan pipeline, proposed by Turkey’s Calik and Italy’s Eni, between Turkey’s Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

Also on the table is a project, described by some analysts as fantasy , which envisages carrying fibre optic cables, water, electricity and Russian gas and oil through a multi-purpose pipeline from Turkey to Israel under a 2-5 billion euro deal.

Turkey’s Energy Minister Hilmi Güler said last week Russia, Turkey and Israel would work on this Mediterranean Line project, which could later be extended as far as India. But Yiğitgüden said: “This project simply does not look very reasonable. Who will finance it?”

U.S. may help Ukraine uprade EU gas links

The United States is considering putting its weight behind a project to speed the flow of gas across Ukraine to Europe, a senior U.S. official said on Thursday, according to Reuters.

The project could add as much as 19 billion cubic metres of gas flow a year, equal to about two thirds the volume of the planned Nabucco pipline to Europe, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Matthew Bryza told Reuters.

"In principle, we`re very interested in doing this, if it`s workable," Bryza said shortly before leaving for Ukrainian capital Kiev to discuss the plan.

"Now we are in the conceptual phase," he added. "We`re just scoping it out... we`ll have to look at feasibility studies and the possibilities of financing."

Ukraine is an important transit state for gas flows to Europe from Russia and Central Asian countries like Turkmenistan.

But regular disputes between Russia and Ukraine have prompted the European Union to seek new sources of energy or supply routes, such as the $12 billion Nabucco project.

Bryza said the work in Ukraine would build on an existing memorandum of understanding between the government there and Germany and Russia.

"A modest investment of around $800 million (could) bypass a bottleneck in the Ukrainian gas transit network into Slovakia," said Bryza.

"From our perspective, we`d want to pursue something like that only if we could make sure international standards of transparency would govern the project," he added. "We could build it from the ground up and therefore build in these transparency initiatives."

Bryza said the project should not be dependent on the survival of any single government.

Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko, swept to power by the 2004 "Orange Revolution", is keen to move closer to the EU and out of the shadow of Russia, but his administration has been beset by quarrels.

"What really does matter is whether the requisite political will will be there to break this really negative cycle of lack of transparency and corruption in the energy sector," said Bryza.

EU Warns Romania and Cuts Bulgarian Aid on Corruption

Romania's President Traian Basescu and the president of the Magistrates’ Superior Council (CSM) Lidia Barbulescu

The European Union warned Romania to clean up its justice system and cut financial aid to Bulgaria and, leveling unprecedented criticisms at the bloc's newest countries for failing to tackle corruption.

The EU suspended about 500 million euros ($790 million) in subsidies to Bulgaria, accusing it of failure to crack down on graft and organized crime. Romania was let off with a warning to overhaul its judiciary.

“Tangible results need to be achieved in investigating, prosecuting and judging cases of high-level corruption and organized crime,” European Commission President Jose Barroso said in a statement in Brussels, as cited by Bloomberg on July 23.

The two nations joined the EU in 2007, extending the world's biggest trade bloc to the Black Sea. Both rely on EU funds to modernize roads, railways, ports, farms and public services. Romania, the bigger of the two, stands to receive 32 billion euros through 2013, while Bulgaria could gain 11 billion euros.

The freezing of Bulgaria’s funds was “overdue,” Elmar Brok, a German Christian Democrat in the European Parliament, said in a statement. “It is the only way to ensure the credibility of the EU enlargement process.”

Bulgaria and Romania rank as the bloc's most corruption-plagued countries, according to Transparency International. EU warnings have led them to undertake probes of cabinet ministers, businessmen and lawmakers. Neither has managed to convict a senior politician.

“The report points out a series of positive changes -- progress that shows Romania is going down the right road,” Romanian Prime Minister Calin Tariceanu said in an e-mail sent from his office. “We are determined to continue with a zero-tolerance policy toward those who use public positions to enrich themselves. I know a difficult road awaits us.”

In Romania, lawmakers still have the power to veto investigations of their colleagues. Prosecutors have accused 10 current and former ministers of corruption, including ex-Prime Minister Adrian Nastase and Labor Minister Paul Pacuraru but MP’s are still delaying a decision that would enable prosecutors to bring in a court of law the alleged corrupt top politicians.

Today, July 24, Romanian President Traian Basescu attended the country’s Magistrates’ Superior Council meeting. Mr. Basescu made no press statement following the reunion to which the Minister of Justice Catalin Predoiu and Chief Prosecutor Laura Codruta Kovesi were also present.

The president of the Magistrates’ Superior Council (CSM) Lidia Barbulescu said on Thursday that the European Commission’s report published on Wednesday regarding the progress of Romanian justice reform and fight against corruption was "balanced, critical and constructive". She said as CSM talks concluded today that several measures have been taken today to improve issues signaled in the EC report.

Barbulescu said that at the next session of the CSM in September a more precise analysis of the technical contents of the report would be made to establish clear moves that have to be taken.

When asked on what President Traian Basescu specifically criticized as regarding the CSM performance during talks with Council members, Barbulescu said that Mr. Basescu showed disappointment about the same issues included in the EC report.